Choroidal Neovascularization: Understanding the Condition and Its Impact
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a serious eye condition in which abnormal blood vessels begin to grow beneath the retina, specifically in the choroid layer. These vessels are fragile and prone to leaking blood or fluid, which disrupts normal retinal function. As a result, individuals with CNV may experience distortion of central vision, dark spots, and in severe cases, permanent vision loss if not treated promptly. Although CNV is often linked with age-related macular degeneration, it can also arise from high myopia, ocular injuries, inflammatory disorders, or genetic conditions.
One of the earliest signs of choroidal neovascularization is subtle visual distortion—straight lines may appear wavy or bent. Over time, the center of the visual field may develop a blurred or darkened area. Many people initially dismiss these changes as minor vision fluctuations, but CNV progresses quickly, making early detection essential. Eye specialists often diagnose CNV through imaging tests that highlight fluid leakage or new vessel growth beneath the retina. Optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography are among the most common techniques used to confirm the condition and determine the extent of damage.
The human retina relies on a delicate balance of oxygen, nutrients, and structural integrity. When abnormal blood vessels invade from the choroid, they interfere with this stability. The leakage they cause leads to swelling and scarring, directly affecting the macula—the part of the retina responsible for sharp central vision. Because the macula plays a critical role in tasks like reading, recognizing faces, and driving, CNV can significantly reduce a person’s independence and quality of life if not managed properly.
Treatment for choroidal neovascularization has improved dramatically over the years. The introduction of anti-VEGF therapy revolutionized how the condition is managed. These medications are injected into the eye to block the signals that promote abnormal blood vessel growth. Many patients experience stabilization or even improvement in vision after regular, carefully monitored treatment sessions. In other cases, therapies such as photodynamic therapy or laser treatment may be used when medications are not sufficient or when the CNV arises from specific underlying conditions.